H2O Superoxide dismutase(SOD) is essentially the most considerable anti-oxidant enzyme in animals. Humans have greater ranges of uric acid than monkeys and other mammals as a result of people lack the enzyme uricase. Abnormal accumulation of normal metabolites resembling lactate, pyruvate, acetoacetyl−CoA and glyceraldehyde−3−phosphate can abnormally enhance ranges of NADH oxidase & lowered flavoenzymes resembling xanthine oxidase. Cytochrome−c oxidase (between Complex III and Complex IV) exercise declines with age, resulting in elevated production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. GSSG Glutathione peroxidase neutralizes hydrogen peroxide by taking hydrogens from two GSH molecules – resulting in two H2O and one GSSG. Outside of the mitochondria, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide might be generated on the endoplasmic reticulum via oxidation processes involving cytochrome P−450 and NADPH−cytochrome c reductase. The “viscious cycle” concept that free radical harm to mitochondrial DNA leads to mitochondria that produce extra superoxide has been questioned. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are more susceptible to free radical oxidation than every other macromolecules within the physique – and the sensitivity to free radical injury will increase exponentially with the number of double bonds. Free radicals can injury the mitochondrial internal membrane, making a optimistic suggestions-loop for elevated free-radical creation.
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